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Study of Physiological and Immunological Factors (FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH, Free T4, AMH, and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies activity in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage

Israa Majid Neamah
Anaam Mahdi Dawood
Sahira Ayyed Al-musawi
Journal of Progressive Medical Sciences, Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025): Journal of Progressive Medical Sciences
Published: 2025-11-30

Abstract

Background: Recurrent miscarriag (RM), classified as the loss of two or more consecutive pregnancies, is a multifactorial reproductive disorder due to hormonal discrepancies, immunological disorders and pathogenic microorganisms. Fertility hormones including fertility-specific biomarkers, such as FSH, LH, prolactin (Prl), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), TSH and Free T4 in association with Toxoplasma gondii have been considered essential for adverse pregnancy outcomes. This work focusses on the assessment of physiological and immunological characteristics of female patients with recurrent miscarriage, based on the determination of specific hormonal markers as well as the activity of Toxoplasma gondii antibody.


Objectives: The aim was to explore the relationship between selected reproductive and thyroid hormones (FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, Free T4 and AMH) and serological activity of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (IgG, IgM) in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage in relation to relations between these factors regarding pregnancy loss.


Methods: A case–control study Patients were women with RM and age-matched healthy control subjects without previous reproductive pathologies. We used standardized immunoassay methodology to measure serum levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, Free T4 and AMH. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure Toxoplasma gondii antibody activity. Statistical comparison of differential results between groups and correlations between physiologic and immunologic measures was conducted.


Results: Women with recurrent miscarriage showed significant aberrations in several hormone parameters compared to healthy controls. Higher serum FSH and LH, irregular prolactin secretion and reduced AMH levels were widely recognized indicators of DOR with potentialovulatory dysfunctions. Thyroid indexes of the animals suggested a tendency towards subclinical hypothyroidism with increased levels of TSH and slightly decreased Free T4 in some RM subjects. Moreover, seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii, in particular high IgG titers, was significantly more common among RM group suggesting past contact with possible immunological consequences. The hormonal imbalances and high levels of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were positively correlated.


Conclusions: These results unveil a propensity of recurrent miscarriage towards dysregulation of reproductive and thyroid hormonal pathways, combined with an exacerbated immune reaction to Toxoplasma gondii. These results emphasize the importance of full endocrine-immunologic profiling for women with RPL and suggest that a combined strategy of hormonal and infectious workup will improve diagnostic applicability as well as management options.


Keywords: Recurrent miscarriage, FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH, Free T4, AMH and Toxoplasma gondii

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Author Biography

Israa Majid Neamah
None
Anaam Mahdi Dawood
None
Sahira Ayyed Al-musawi
None
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