Introduction: smoking remains a major global health burden, driving disease through persistent oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses. Traditional serum assays provide valuable information but are invasive and impractical for large-scale screening. Exhaled breath...

Arboviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever are a wide range of RNA viruses that are mostly spread by insects and other arthropods. How well they interact with certain cellular receptors determines how well they can infect human host cells. Recent research has identified several novel cellular...

Background: Recurrent miscarriag (RM), classified as the loss of two or more consecutive pregnancies, is a multifactorial reproductive disorder due to hormonal discrepancies, immunological disorders and pathogenic microorganisms. Fertility hormones including fertility-specific...

Pinworm with only human as host, is thus one of the most universal nematodes, and also one of the most prevalent helminths. More than 200 million people are infected worldwide, and currently around 30% of infected children. The Sample consisted of one hundred random samples of primary school...