A Periodical International Journal Published by the <a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv xzsf02u x1s688f" tabindex="0" role="link" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/democratic_arab_center?__eep__=6&__gid__=2962593457303904&__cft__[0]=AZVkgTDZ_H9LIQJIGomBry3XOTi5KiW2yXqxmUlPSd4nz_Ob1JRAlYH92ubWwUBaZ_p2XK-HrgLrl2rLjXM4FEEndsZpP166nPg4FeoZ0RRNPdEaBZmUXkrhH47r40KliH5OXdzl4qQr5pFUrIdxcg5_&__tn__=-UK-R" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">#Democratic_Arabic_Center – Berlin, Germany This journal is dedicated to publishing targeted and applied scientific research and studies that are beneficial in all areas of contemporary medical sciences The journal aims to contribute to the advancement of medical sciences by promoting the dissemination of new scientific knowledge, innovative ideas, modern experiences, and technological achievements, including nanotechnology and the use of advanced devices. It encourages researchers in the medical field to conduct impactful and beneficial scientific studies In addition, the journal focuses on publishing experimental research, as well as innovative and advanced studies prepared by researchers in medical sciences, with the goal of enriching and developing high-quality scientific research. The journal promotes scientific communication, intellectual exchange, and the cross-pollination of ideas, aiming to connect researchers from across the Arab world in a modern, purposeful framework for sharing information and practical scientific experiences Nationales ISSN-Zentrum für Deutschland ISSN: 3052-8518 j-medical@democraticac.de
Democratic Arabic Center for Strategic, Political and Economic Studies (DAC)
Exhaled Breath Condensate as a Non-Invasive Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Case–Control Study
Introduction: smoking remains a major global health burden, driving disease through persistent oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses. Traditional serum assays provide valuable information but are invasive and impractical for large-scale screening. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) offers a simple, non-invasive alternative for assessing oxidative biomarkers in the airways. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether oxidative stress biomarkers measured in EBC reflect systemic oxidative changes in apparently healthy smokers and to determine their diagnostic performance. Methods: A cross-sectional, case–control study was conducted among 60 adults (30 smokers, 30 non-smokers) aged 18–45 years. EBC was collected using a standardized condenser system, and both EBC and serum samples were analyzed for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Data were analyzed using t-tests, correlation analyses, and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Smokers showed markedly higher oxidative-stress biomarkers in both EBC and serum compared with non-smokers. Mean EBC H₂O₂ was 1.84 ± 0.42 µM in smokers versus 0.96 ± 0.28 µM in controls (p < 0.001), and EBC 8-isoprostane levels were 57.4 ± 14.3 pg/mL versus 33.1 ± 10.8 pg/mL (p < 0.001). TAC values were significantly lower in smokers across both matrices. EBC H₂O₂ correlated strongly with serum MDA (r = 0.61, p < 0.01), indicating concordant airway and systemic oxidative stress. ROC analysis showed high diagnostic accuracy for EBC H₂O₂ (AUC = 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.95). Conclusions: EBC biomarkers, particularly H₂O₂ and 8-isoprostane, reliably mirror systemic oxidative stress in cigarette smokers. The strong correlation between EBC and serum markers supports EBC as a non-invasive, reproducible, and clinically relevant tool for early detection of smoking-related oxidative injury. Its simplicity and low cost make it especially promising for preventive health programs and research in low- and middle-income settings
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Progressive Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Multicolonisation and mixed Helicobacter pylori infections: situation in Tunisian patients
H .pylori is known as one of the bacterial species having greatest genetic polymorphism in the world. It is also known that this genetic diversity could be due to mixed infections followed by genetic exchanges between several strains. Our study aimed to determine the presence of both multiple and mixed infections, for that goal, it is important to work on pure isolates obtained from isolated colonies and not from the mixture of different colonies harvested together on the first culture plate. Antral and fundic biopsies were taken and studied separately. The multicolonisation was defined as simultaneous presence of several strains in the same patient, whether it is antral, fundic or both. Antibiotic susceptibility of the H.pylori strains was tested by disk diffusion method and E-test. The Tunisian strains were more polymorphic. Exchanges of genetic material between the various strains were probable. The Tunisian subjects seemed to be colonized by different strains or different clones from the same strain. Several hypotheses might be proposed: initial infection by at least two different strains, infections by different strains at different times, recolonisations are probable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Progressive Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correlation of Serum IL-33 with IL-6 and IL-1κ Levels as Immunological Indicators of Host Inflammatory Response in Early-Stage Hepatic Hydatidosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Al-Najaf Province
This article carefully describes the blood concentration of Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and its correlation with two important pro-inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). This helps explain the immunological condition that habours liver parasitic hydatid disease patients are in. Methods: From March 2024 to February 2025, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Najaf Province involving 140 subjects divided into two groups: 70 patients seen as early-stage hepatic hydatidosis (CE1 and CE2), and 70 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Samples were collected from four major healthcare centers: Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital, Al-Furat General Hospital, Al-Najaf General Hospital, and Al-Hakeem General Hospital. Using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique, we quantitated serum concentrations of IL-33, IL-6, and IL-1β. Results: As a whole, the results showed that the mean serum levels of IL-33, IL-6, and IL-1β in patients with liver problems were markedly higher than those found control group (P 0.05). The study results suggest that IL-33 is a key “alarmin” in early-stage hepatic CE. Its strong positive correlations with IL-6 and IL-1β parallel the significant role in the inflammatory response that this axis must play. This means these cytokines could be used as monitoring indexes for measuring both the level of inflammation and state hepatocellular hydatidosis is in.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Evaluation of Hematological Parameters and Immunological Indicators in Patients Infected with Leishmania Parasite in Najaf Governorate, Iraq
Background: Leishmaniasis is a public health threat facing Iraq and its transmission dynamics can be impacted by environmental and urban change, such as in the city of Najaf. This study quantifies hematological suppression and immune markers to assess related systemic physiopathology. Methods: A clinical cohort of 80 patients from Al-Sadr Teaching, Al-Hakim, and Najaf General Hospitals (May 2024 – April 2025; NCT05150537) was compared to 30 matched healthy controls. Statistical evaluations of hematological parameters and levels of cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ) were performed. Results 81.3% patients had clinically significant leucopenia (WBC < 3.5 ×103/cc$). Cytokine production was biased towards a strong Th2 deviation with elevated IL-10 ($154.2 \pm 28.5$ pg/ml) and dramatically reduced IFN-γ ($18.5 \pm 4.7$ pg/ml). Lite is still in beta and does not currently support PMCs, but the public is strongly supported.] This result supports the hypothesis and lends credence to elevated IL-10 as an early immunologic escape mechanism that hastens hematological failure against the background of the Iraqi environment.
Rabies Virus Target Cell Specificity and Tropism
Rabies virus (RABV), the causative agent of rabies, is an extremely neurotropic pathogen known to cause fatal encephalitis in humans and animals. The virus shows a high degree of cellular specificity for neurons and spreads efficiently along neural networks to access the central nervous system. It is important to elucidate the mechanisms that govern viral tropism, receptor interactions, and neuronal targeting. In this article, we provide a broad overview of the current literature on rabies virus target cell specificity and tropism. Illustration A total of published studies about viral structure, receptor-mediated entry, neuron- and non-neuron cell interactions, axon transport mechanisms and viral strain differences were reviewed to summarize current knowledge regarding host virus interactions and infection dynamics. The infection of the rabies virus is initiated by viral replication in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle cells followed by receptor-mediated entry into peripheral neurons at the neuromuscular junctions. The attachment and internalization of the virus are mediated by multiple host receptors, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), p75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). Hosts Virus Glycoprotein Host Cell Entry Membrane Fusion Immune Evasion Upon entry, the virus hijacks dynein-mediated retrograde axonal transport to access the central nervous system in an immune privileged environment2. Additional data indicate that non-neuronal cells like astrocytes can also become infected by the virus and contribute to immune responses. Furthermore, vesicular stomatitis virus infection interferes with neuronal function by disrupting neurotransmitter signaling and axonal structure. Differences also emerge in neural circuit usage, as viral strain variance and host receptor distributions can shape the viruses: host organism interface and drive differences in infection spread through neural circuits. Rabies virus is a neurotropic pathogen that causes fatal encephalitic disease in humans and mammals. This tropism for neural tissues and its spread through neuronal networks underpins the mechanisms of pathogenesis. This review discusses the host range and target cell requirements of rabies virus, with an emphasis on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that determine viral entry into cells, intracellular trafficking and host–virus interplay. The virus first replicates in peripheral tissues, mainly skeletal muscle cells, and subsequently spreads to peripheral neurons by receptor-mediated entry at neuromuscular junctions. Attachment and internalization of viral particles is facilitated by a number of neuronal receptors including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, p75 neurotrophin receptors, neural cell adhesion molecules, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The viral glycoprotein is involved in crucial processes like receptor binding, membrane fusion, and immune avoidance–all of which also directly influence the infectivity and pathogenicity of the virus. After entering, the rabies virus hijacks dynein-driven retrograde axonal transport to access the central nervous system while evading immune detection. Besides neurons, accumulating evidence indicates that non-neuronal cells including astrocytes may play a role in viral persistence and innate immune modulation. In addition, the infection causes considerable changes in neuronal function: disruptions to neurotransmitter signaling and axonal integrity. Specificity and efficiency of viral spread within neural circuits is additionally influenced by viral strain variation and host receptor distribution. Molecular determinants of rabies virus tropism need to be established, as they not only further our understanding of viral neuro-pathogenesis, but also pave the way for optimised human health therapeutic approaches and enhanced safety in synaptic tracing with rabies-based eukaryotic viruses. The tropism of rabies virus is determined by a complex interplay of viral structural proteins, host receptor availability, and neuronal transport processes. Collectively, these processes facilitate effective neuroinvasion and throughout the nervous system dispersal. These findings provide insights into the molecular and cellular processes underlying rabies viruses; such knowledge will support improv ed antiviral strategies, as well as vaccine design, or safer rabies-based viral tools for neural circuit mapping in neuroscience studies.
Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) in Modulating VEGF-A Expression Among Iraqi Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study
Background: Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latency with periodic reactivation, and is of particular concern in immunocompromised patients, such as those receiving treatment with chemotherapy. Experimental data suggest that upon infection, HSV-1 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), a key mediator of angiogenesis and inflammation. However, the link between HSV-1 reactivation and physiological or systemic VEGF-A in patients receiving oncological therapy have not been examined broadly. Methods: A cross-sectional molecular study to investigate the relationship between HSV-1 reactivation and VEGF-A expression in Iraqi chemotherapy patients. Methods: 300 subjects (200 chemotherapeutic patients and 100 control not receiving chemotherapy) were recruited. HSV-1 status was assessed by serology (IgG, IgM) and qPCR detection of viral DNA in oral swabs and plasma. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum VEGF-A concentrations and reverse transcription qPCR was performed to quantify peripheral blood mononuclear cells levels of VEGFA mRNA. A multivariable linear regression was conducted to determine the independent relationship between positivity for HSV-1 DNA and log-transformed VEGF-A levels while controlling for demographic, clinical, and immunological variables. Results: HSV-1 DNA was found in 18% of patients undergoing chemotherapy versus 5% of controls (p < 0.001). Serum VEGF-A levels in chemotherapy patients were significantly higher than controls (median 412 according to 221 pg/mL; p < 0.001). In chemotherapy patients, individuals who were positive for HSV-1 DNA had significantly higher serum VEGF-A (median 712 with 368 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and increased expression of VEGFA mRNA (median fold change 3.94 compare with 1.63, p < 0.001). Oral viral load positively correlated with serum VEGF-A (Spearman ρ = 0.58, p < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, positivity for HSV-1 DNA remained independently associated with higher log (VEGF-A) (β = 0.41, 95% CI 0.28–0.54, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Reactivation of HSV-1 is independently correlated with enhanced VEGF-A expression in un-females and non-HSV infected chemotherapy doomed fatalities. This observation hinted that viral reactivation upon immune suppression might drive systemic angiogenic and inflammatory signaling. The clinical implications of HSV-1–mediated VEGF-A upregulation in oncology settings warrant examination in prospective studies. In the state of virus reactivation, qPCR was used to quantify HSV-1 and VEGF-A expression level.
The effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on anti-dsDNA, anti-ribosomal P, and anti-chromatin (minor DNA) autoantibodies in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is distinguished by the fluctuation of disease activity and the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Infectious agents, such as Toxoplasma gondii, have been proposed to be candidate environmental factors able to influence autoimmune responses. Nevertheless, relationship between T. gondii infection and autoantibody profiles among patients with SLE is not fully realized yet especially in endemic areas. Objective: study the roles of Toxoplasma gondii infection on levels and prevalence of anti-ribosomal P, anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), and anti-chromatin (minor DNA) autoantibodies, in addition to disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: A cross-sectional study which included 100 lupus patients Al-Najaf hospitals. Study period between June 2024 to July 2025. Sunscreen-naive SLE patients were categorized by T. gondii infection: 48 who were with infection and 52 who were without infection. Anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were determined by ELISA. Serum antibodies to dsDNA, ribosomal P and chromatin were assessed by ELISA. Disease activity was evaluated based on the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Group comparisons, correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. Results: The seropositivity of T. gondii IgG was considerably higher in SLE patients (48.0% P = 0.03). Anti-dsDNA antibodies (p < 0.001) and anti-chromatin antibodies (p < 0.001) were significantly elevated in seropositive SLE patients., in comparison with seronegative subjects. Patients with T. gondii were more likely to possess anti-ribosomal P antibodies (45.8%; 23.1%, p = 0.01) and these were linked to neuropsychiatric presentation. SLEDAI score was significantly higher in the T. gondii positive group (p < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between the titer of T. gondii IgG antibodies, the levels of autoantibodies, and disease activity. On multivariate analysis, T. gondii seropositivity was an independent predictor of high disease activity (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.6–7.1). Conclusions: T gondii infection is correlated with elevated autoantibodies titers and higher SLE activity. These results suggest that chronic toxoplasmosis may act as an immunological modulator in SLE and the need to consider the etiology of parasite infections in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases, especially when these are endemic.
Carbapenem Hydrolysing Oxacillinase in Acinetobacter baumannii
The global rise in carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is alarming, as it severely restricts available therapeutic options. Among the resistance mechanisms identified in this species, carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases (CHDLs) represent the most prevalent β-lactamases and are largely specific to A. baumannii. This review focuses on the different clusters of oxacillinases that have been reported in Acinetobacter baumannii worldwide
Assessment of Toxoplasma gondii Infection with Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine along with sHLA-G Activity in Pregnant Rheumatoid Arthritis Women in Middle Euphrates Region
Background: Pregnancy is a period of profound immune modifications that are necessary for the development of maternal–fetal tolerance. soluble human leukocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) is an important immunomodulatory molecule in this regard. rheumatoid arthritis, Toxoplasma gondii infection respectively affecting the balance of human immune system and sHLA-G expression during pregnancy, however, the effect of interplay rheumatoid arthritis and Toxoplasma gondii infection on sHLA-G expression during pregnancy are not well-known. Objectives: This work was aimed to study the effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on serum sHLA-G expression, Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Activity in pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis in Middle Euphrates region-Iraq using serological, molecular and immunological tools. Methods: A cross-sectional case–control study was performed in 112 pregnant women in Middle Euphrates region classified into four groups: Rheumatoid arthritis with T. gondii infection, Rheumatoid arthritis without infection, T. gondii infection with non-RA and healthy pregnant controls. Anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies were examined by ELISA, and T. gondii was confirmed using real-time PCR to detect the DNA of pathogens. sHLA-G and cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10) in the serum were evaluated by ELISA. Rheumatoid arthritis activity was measured by DAS28. Statistical analysis involved ANOVA, correlation analysis and multivariable regression. Results: The serum sHLA-G concentrations were significantly different between the study groups (P < 0.001); the highest concentration of serum sHLA-G was detected in pregnant women with Rheumatoid arthritis and concurrent T. gondii infection. Compared with chronic infection, acute toxoplasmosis was characterized by higher sHLA-G levels (P < 0.01). sHLA-G had a positive correlation with IL-10 and disease activity of Rheumatoid arthritis, and negative correlations with pro-inflammatory cytokines. After controlling for confounders, T. gondii infection remained an independent predictor of sHLA-G high concentrations. Conclusions: The correlations reveal further clues about the mechanism of action of sHLA-G: positive correlations with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (r = +0.62, P01) suggest a mixed pattern of pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokine production in this context. Detailed multivariate regression analysis confirmed that Toxoplasma gondii infection is an independent risk factor for sHLA-G release (p < 0.001). Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis significantly inhibits sHLA-G secretion, suggesting a possible collaboration between autoimmunity and the parasite, and pregnancy-induced immune tolerance. The findings suggest that sHLA-G may become a key indicator of underlying immune regulation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Progressive Medical Sciences
Bacteriophages: Molecular and Virologic Review Study
Earth's most common viruses, bacteriophages, infect bacteria and archaea. Protein capsids and sometimes lipid envelopes encase phage genomes, which vary in kind and structure. Most are double-stranded DNA phages, whereas Cystoviridae are RNA. Phages control bacterial populations, transfer horizontal genes, lyse molecules, and alter metabolism in different situations. Based on their structural morphotypes, which are largely determined by tail architecture, phages are classified as Podoviridae (short tails), Siphoviridae (long, flexible tails), and Myoviridae (long, contractile tails). They build genome transport and host recognition virions with portal proteins, tail fibers, and baseplates. DNA is transferred into capsids by ATP-dependent terminases during genome packing. The lysogenic cycle comprises temperate phages integrating into the host genome as prophages and replicating passively until stimulation activates the lytic phase. Phages with non-lytic chronic infections or carriers exist. Phages limit their host range by recognizing lipopolysaccharides, outer membrane proteins, teichoic acids, and flagella. They can make anti-CRISPR proteins to attack bacteria. Phages indirectly affect human health by influencing microbiota and immune systems. Immunoglobulin-like capsid domains connect them to mucosal surfaces for bacterial clearance and barrier protection. They can also enter tissues and circulation, where they are immunologically tolerated. Phages activate innate and adaptive immunity. Innate sensing and cytokine production are enabled by TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. However, adaptive immunity produces neutralizing IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies. Recurrent phage therapy can be reduced by phage-neutralizing antibodies. Phage biology is characterized by the discovery of "huge phages" with genomes that rival small bacterial genomes and encode complex functions like tRNAs, translation factors, CRISPR-Cas systems, and nucleus-like compartments that protect phage genomes from host defenses. Phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems often lack spacer acquisition or interference genes, resulting in host apparatus repurposing or gene transcriptional silence. Targeting competing phages and host regulatory mechanisms is possible. Phages treat antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Phage treatment has potential despite bacterial resistance and host immune neutralization. They also carry toxin genes (cholera, diphtheria) through lysogenic conversion, boosting bacterial pathogenicity. Dynamic evolutionary arms races affect microbial ecology through phage-host and phage-phage interactions. Recent metagenomics and meta transcriptomics advances have increased the variety of dsRNA and tailless dsDNA phages. This showed unique viral families and the prevalence of phages in human microbiomes, particularly crAss-like phages in the intestine. The molecular details of phage interactions with eukaryotic cells are still emerging, despite the vast knowledge of bacterial receptors for phage attachment. Mammalian cells can use endocytosis mechanisms to internalize phages for immunological regulation and therapeutic delivery. expanding the taxonomy of dsRNA phages, understanding non-lytic infection mechanisms, characterizing phage-host range and interactions, and using phages for biocontrol in agriculture and medicine. It is required to overcome immune clearance, understand phage immunogenicity, and understand the tri-kingdom interactions between phages, bacteria, and human hosts that maintain microbial and immunological homeostasis to maximize phage therapy. Bacteriophages are complex, diversified, and ecologically important viruses. Bacteria, horizontal gene transfer, immune system contact, and burgeoning biological uses including phage therapy and biotechnology are managed. Phages' complex life cycles, structural biology, and interactions with human and bacterial hosts are being understood beyond their role as bacterial predators. Briefly explain bacteriophages, which infect bacteria and archaea, their diversity, dsDNA and dsRNA phages, structure and replication mechanisms, ecological implications, mammalian immunity, and emerging therapeutic applications, including phage therapy. Phage viruses are assembled by complex structural proteins. Widely studied tailed phages including T7 (Autographviridae/Podoviridae-like), SPP1 (Siphoviridae-like), and T4 (Myoviridae-like) have tail and capsid shapes optimized for genome transport and host recognition Biomolecules such lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins bind to baseplate and tail fibers. Genome packing motor ATPases assist phage DNA enter capsids. T4 phages employ the lytic cycle to rapidly multiply and lyse the host cell, while temperate phages use the lysogenic cycle to passively integrate their genome into the host chromosome until induction activates lytic replication. Infection-causing pseudolysogenic or persistent phages do not lyse quickly. In bacterial pathogen phage treatment, these life choices affect phage ecology and application. To identify hosts, phages recognize polysaccharides, proteins, and flagella. Phage host range is limited by specificity. To escape bacterial defenses, phages can encode anti-CRISPR proteins and adapt genomically. Phages transfer toxin genes and other virulence factors to bacteria by lysogenic conversion. Phages influence microbiomes and immunity without infecting humans. Phages can infect tissues and cells via endocytosis, altering immune responses. Phages destroy bacteria to fight antibiotic-resistant illnesses, but immunological responses including neutralizing antibodies can hinder phage treatment. Recent discoveries include "huge phages" with microscopic bacteria genomes. Complex machinery is provided by tRNA, translation factor, and CRISPR-Cas phages. Metagenomic studies have found tailless dsDNA phages from new viral orders and families, enhancing our understanding of phage diversity. CRISPR-mediated phage-host and phage-phage interactions show dynamic evolutionary arms races. Biomedical applications, gene transfer, microbial community dynamics, and bacterial population regulation depend on bacteriophages. Research on their structural biology, trplicative cycles, and host immunological interactions determines their therapeutic and ecological potential. Bacteriophages are everywhere in the biosphere and influence bacterial ecology and evolution. DNA-containing bacteriophages in ecosystems are well-studied, whereas RNA-containing ones are often overlooked.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF STRUMAL CALLA EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY BREAST CARCINOMA IN RELATION TO PATHOLOGICAL RSPONCE AFTER NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
Background: In this study we aimed to assess the IHC expression of stromal CALLA in invasive breast carcinomas as prognostic factor and correlate its relationship with six clinico-pathological parametrs by assessing the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy Method: Study design is cross-sectional, it conducted on 50 females with breast invasive ductal carcinoma, FFPE tissue blocks collected from the archive of laboratory of Al-Sader medical city - Al Najaf governorate/ Iraq, during the period from September 2023 to September 2024. CALLA immunohistochemistry expression detected by labeled polymers and enhanced polymer system (Dako En-Vision™ Flex) Dako-protocol. it was correlated with age of patients, tumor grade, hormonal expression, her-2/neo expression, Ki-67 expression and molecular profile. Result: Stromal CALLA immunohistochemistry was expressed in 48%. There is statistically significant positive correlations between stromal expression and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.011), most cases with positive CALLA expression either nonresponding to NAC or achieved partial response while most of CALLA negative cases achieved complete pathological response the same for her-2 positive cases, though statistically non-significant but most CALLA expressed cases were Grade III, her-2 enriched and triple negative molecular profile most of them had partial pathological response (not complete) Conclusions: Stromal CALLA had been expressed in 48% of invasive ductal carcinoma and there is positive correlation between stromal CALLA expressions and higher tumor grades, her-2 expression and triple negative profile suggesting the effects of stromal CALLA expression on aggressive behavior of breast ductal carcinoma with decreasing a chance of complete pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Association of MTHFR gene polymorphism (rs1801133) with Type 2 Diabetic Iraqi population
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a complex of endocrine metabolic disorder. It is believed that polymorphism of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, results are conflicted from different ethnic and races. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between MTHFR (rs1801133) gene polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This case-control study was included 100 patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases and 100 healthy control individuals. The blood sample was collected for estimation of biochemical parameters for analysis among the T2DM cases and healthy control groups. DNA extraction from whole blood was done to study the MTHFR gene polymorphism by RFLP-PCR method. Results: There were significant difference in genotype distribution among Type2 diabetic patients and control group. Compared with CC wild genotype, CT heterozygous genotype (OR= 5.7, 95% Cl= 3.0-11.0 and P=0.0001) and TT homozygous genotype (OR=4.3, CI=1.5-11.9 and P=0.0005). The T allele frequency increased the risk in diabetic patients by three folds when compared with C allele (OR= 3.6, C. I=2.2-5.5, P= 0.0001), suggested that the effect of MTHFR point mutation on type 2 diabetes mellitus implicated with increased risk of disease. Conclusion; Our results indicate that polymorphism in MTHFR C677T plays significant role in type II diabetes mellitus risk for Iraqi populations
Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Diarrheal Patients in Al- Najaf Province\ Iraq
The study was done in Al- Najaf Teaching Hospital. The total number of examined patients were (1061) for both sexes (males and females) in different ages (children's and adults). The infection with Entamoeba histolytica was diagnosed in 241 stool samples from the total number examined, percentage Infection with intestinal protozoa according to the months of the year January was relatively high (27%), then it began to gradually to decline in the month of April, reaching (6%). The highest incidence was recorded in aged (15-44) year (29%) while the lowest was in children aged 1 years (6%). The results showed Distribution according to sex, males (46%) and females (54%) in tested with parasites. The samples were recorded the average percentage in the cyst stages of E. histolytica at a higher rate, where it reached (80%) than the trophozoite stage of E. histolytica, where it reached (20%).
Evaluation of the prevalence of oral parasites and some variables affecting them among students of Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
The present study was conducted for the period from September 2024 to March 2025 to investigate the infection of oral parasites Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis among students of the Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University in Kufa. The number of samples examined 150 saliva samples and gum swabs were collected from the students of the Technical Institute Kufa and the Medical Technical College Kufa; the samples were examined by direct smear and the preparation of wet slides in the laboratories of the Pathological Analysis Department in the Technical Institute Kufa. The prevalence of the E. gingivalis parasite was 10%, and the T. tenax parasite was 18%. The infection rate was higher in males, reaching 20%, than in females, which reached 8%. The incidence rate among students living in rural areas is 60.4%, while 39.6% of infected students are urban residents.
Detection of some mutations in some Mitotic Checkpoint Genes and their Association to Tissue Abnormalities in patients with Breast Cancer
Background: Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease, and several genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to its malignancy. The checkpoint genes Bub1, Bub1B, and MAD2L1 have been shown to be relatively uncommon mutations in cancer. This study aimed to screen for some mutations in some of the mitotic checkpoint genes, including MAD1L1, BUB1, and BUB1B. Materials and Methods: Thirty breast cancer biopsy specimens or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue were isolated. Then, the patient information of the breast cancer patient was recorded. Histological examination and then genomic DNA extraction were performed for all samples. In the next step, DNA purity and concentration were estimated. For MAD1L1, BUB1 and BUB1B genes, initial design was performed and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then gel electrophoresis were performed for PCR products. Electrophoresis bands were cleaned and DNA was sequenced and finally statistical analysis was performed. Results: Histological examination showed differences in shape, orientation, and echo pattern between the invasive cancers and DCIS. An irregular shape (72% vs. 35%), a not parallel orientation (42% vs. 9%), and a hypoechoic or complex echo pattern (92% vs. 6%) were more frequent in invasive cancers when compared with the DCIS cases. The results of matching the sequence obtained according to Sanger method with Chromas version 2.6.6 software showed there were multiple mutations in study genes. Conclusion: In the present study, after histological examining and PCR product sequencing of all samples, it was determined that all the samples studied had altered genotypes in terms and this alteration associated to histological abnormalities
Molecular Determinants of Virophages activity: A Multi-Level Review
Virophages are distinctive parasitic viruses that replicate solely within the viral factories of co-infecting giant viruses (GVs), exerting considerable molecular, ecological, and evolutionary effects on host–virus systems. This study offers a comprehensive synthesis of virophage molecular biology, emphasizing structural factors influencing ligand-receptor recognition, genome organization, transcriptional and translational reliance, host and viral tropism, and mechanisms that disrupt giant-virus replication. Structural analyses demonstrate that virophage capsids possess double-jelly-roll major capsid proteins and specialized surface protrusions, including trimeric fiber-head-like receptor-binding folds, which facilitate attachment to glycosylated GV fibrils and enable hitchhiking-based co-entry into protist hosts. Virophage genomes, usually 17–30 kb dsDNA, contain compact replication modules, packaging ATPases, primase/helicase-like proteins, integrases (in certain lineages like mavirus), and regulatory elements that have evolved to work with the transcriptional machinery of their helper GVs. Once inside the GV viral factory, virophage gene expression follows a pattern of early, middle, and late stages that are mostly controlled by giant-virus polymerases and host ribosomes. RNA metabolism is limited. Capsid–fibril compatibility, promoter recognition specificity, replication-module matching, and viral defense systems like MIMIVIRE, which limit some virophage lineages (like Zamilon), all play a role in host and GV tropism. Integrated provirophage forms, particularly mavirus, exhibit alternative replication strategies that include host-genome integration and giant-virus–induced reactivation, thereby offering sustained antiviral defense at the population level. Virophage infection alters giant-virus transcription, hinders virion assembly, and diminishes GV burst sizes, resulting in significant ecological impacts such as host protection, modification of microbial community structure, and regulation of aquatic viral dynamics. Virophages have been exchanging genes with giant viruses, polintons/Maverick transposons, and eukaryotic genomes for a long time, which helps to diversify mobile elements. Even though cryo-EM, comparative genomics, and metagenomics are giving us more information, we still don't know the answers to some basic questions about the exact GV receptors, the quantitative biophysical affinities, the processes that RNA goes through to mature, and the evolutionary pressures that are causing virophage–GV arms races. This in-depth study shows that virophages play a big role in virus–virus parasitism, microbial ecology, and genome evolution. It also shows that more advanced structural, biochemical, and ecological research is needed.
Assessment of Serum IgE, IL-6, and IL-10 Levels in Children Infected with Enterobius vermicularis in Primary Schools of Al-Barakiah, Najaf Governorate
Pinworm with only human as host, is thus one of the most universal nematodes, and also one of the most prevalent helminths. More than 200 million people are infected worldwide, and currently around 30% of infected children. The Sample consisted of one hundred random samples of primary school students in Najaf governorate (70 males and 30 females) with the age rates of (6-12) years old. Infection: Recruitment took place between October 2023 and January 2024 at ten geographically diverse schools for cases of nosocomial pruritus ani. High prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection among primary school children in Najaf governorate, Iraq, is uncommonly. Methods This cross-sectional study included 100 students (70 men, 30 women) sampled between October 2023 and January 2024 to characterize the epidemiology and immunology of E. In total, 70% were infected, with considerable variation between age and month. The highest number of children with it was between ages 6–8 years (55%), and the lowest the mild increase (aged 11–12 years). Seasonal maximum was higher in November (83.3%) and December (80%) as compared to January (46.7%). The median percentage of infected patients was greater for men (71.4%) than for women (66.7%). Immunological analysis showed that serum levels of IgE were much higher in the infected children, and levels of both IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls. Concentrations of IgE and eosinophilia were strongly related to infection rate, and peaked at 6–8 years (IgE: 240.50 IU/mL, eosinophils: 0.65×10⁹/L). Inflamed patients have accordingly much higher IL-6 (78.51±35.29pg/mL and 45.90±28.45pg/mL) and IL-10(38.25±12.16pg/mL vs 22.90±8.45pg/mL), both suggesting activated inflammatory and regulatory immune response, respectively. These findings highlight the marked endemicity of enterobiasis in the region and the age-, seasonal and sex-dependent nature of this helminth an infection and the associated modulation of the immune response in the host.
Study of Physiological and Immunological Factors (FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH, Free T4, AMH, and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies activity in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage
Background: Recurrent miscarriag (RM), classified as the loss of two or more consecutive pregnancies, is a multifactorial reproductive disorder due to hormonal discrepancies, immunological disorders and pathogenic microorganisms. Fertility hormones including fertility-specific biomarkers, such as FSH, LH, prolactin (Prl), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), TSH and Free T4 in association with Toxoplasma gondii have been considered essential for adverse pregnancy outcomes. This work focusses on the assessment of physiological and immunological characteristics of female patients with recurrent miscarriage, based on the determination of specific hormonal markers as well as the activity of Toxoplasma gondii antibody. Objectives: The aim was to explore the relationship between selected reproductive and thyroid hormones (FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, Free T4 and AMH) and serological activity of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (IgG, IgM) in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage in relation to relations between these factors regarding pregnancy loss. Methods: A case–control study Patients were women with RM and age-matched healthy control subjects without previous reproductive pathologies. We used standardized immunoassay methodology to measure serum levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, Free T4 and AMH. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure Toxoplasma gondii antibody activity. Statistical comparison of differential results between groups and correlations between physiologic and immunologic measures was conducted. Results: Women with recurrent miscarriage showed significant aberrations in several hormone parameters compared to healthy controls. Higher serum FSH and LH, irregular prolactin secretion and reduced AMH levels were widely recognized indicators of DOR with potentialovulatory dysfunctions. Thyroid indexes of the animals suggested a tendency towards subclinical hypothyroidism with increased levels of TSH and slightly decreased Free T4 in some RM subjects. Moreover, seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii, in particular high IgG titers, was significantly more common among RM group suggesting past contact with possible immunological consequences. The hormonal imbalances and high levels of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were positively correlated. Conclusions: These results unveil a propensity of recurrent miscarriage towards dysregulation of reproductive and thyroid hormonal pathways, combined with an exacerbated immune reaction to Toxoplasma gondii. These results emphasize the importance of full endocrine-immunologic profiling for women with RPL and suggest that a combined strategy of hormonal and infectious workup will improve diagnostic applicability as well as management options. Keywords: Recurrent miscarriage, FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH, Free T4, AMH and Toxoplasma gondii
recurrent miscarriage, autoantibodies, antiphospholipid, cytokines
Cellular Host Receptors of Arboviruses Causing Hemorrhagic Fever: scientific Review
Arboviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever are a wide range of RNA viruses that are mostly spread by insects and other arthropods. How well they interact with certain cellular receptors determines how well they can infect human host cells. Recent research has identified several novel cellular host receptors utilized by different arboviruses to penetrate target cells, a process essential for viral replication and subsequent pathogenesis. The human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is very important for New World clade B arenaviruses, which cause hemorrhagic fevers, to get in. Pathogenic arenaviruses, including Machupo and Junin viruses, exploit human TfR1, whereas closely related nonpathogenic viruses utilize TfR1 orthologs from their natural reservoir hosts. Changes in TfR1 can make it easier or harder for someone to get sick. This means that zoonotic diseases could happen if the host receptor changes. Viral glycoproteins Gn and Gc help the virus attach to host cells. Clathrin helps CCHFV get into cells. Cholesterol and pH levels can affect this process. Nucleolin on the surface of host cells and DC-SIGN lectin on dendritic cells may also be involved. These interactions facilitate the infection of macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, which are crucial for viral dissemination and immune evasion. Several types of receptors have been linked to other arboviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and others that cause symptoms of hemorrhagic disease. These include Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs), which help antibody-dependent enhancement, different types of lectins like C-type lectins (DC-SIGN), integrins (αvβ3 integrin), laminin receptors, and glycosaminoglycans like heparan sulfate. These receptors often enable viral adherence and invasion of immune or endothelial cells, thereby affecting viral tropism and hemorrhagic pathogenesis. The redundancy and diversity of receptor molecules employed by arboviruses highlight the complexity of virus-host cell interactions and suggest evolutionary adaptations that facilitate spillover and the emergence of diseases. Understanding these new cellular receptors is important for coming up with antiviral strategies that can stop viruses from getting into cells. However, targeting these receptors is risky because of their normal functions. New cellular host receptors for arboviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever include human transferrin receptor 1 for New World arenaviruses, clathrin-mediated entry receptors possibly involving nucleolin and DC-SIGN for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, and various Fc receptors, lectins, integrins, laminin receptors, and glycosaminoglycans for flaviviruses and other arboviruses. These findings improve the molecular understanding of hemorrhagic fever virus entry and pathogenesis, presenting both opportunities and challenges for therapeutic intervention.
Arboviruses, hemorrhagic fever, Host Receptors, Arthropod-borne viruses, Arboviruses ligand-receptors.
A Comparative Study of Bacterial Species Isolated from Diabetic Foot in Al-Najaf Governorate
The World Health Organization defines diabetic foot as "a condition of infection, ulceration, or destruction of the deep tissues of the feet, associated with neuropathy and varying degrees of peripheral vascular disease in the lower limbs of diabetic patients." The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of microorganisms causing infections in patients diagnosed with diabetic foot who were treated at Al-Sadr Educational Hospital in Najaf Governorate during the year 2024. This study involved isolating and diagnosing the main bacterial species responsible for the contamination of diabetic foot ulcers. A total of 118 swab samples were collected from diabetic patients hospitalized at Al-Sadr Educational Hospital. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study was conducted from February 15 to December 15, 2024. A non-probability convenience sample was used for this study. It included 118 samples from diabetic patients reported as having diabetes. Regarding the distribution of participants by age groups, the highest results for women were in the age group 50-59 years, with 18 women, accounting for 29.50%. For men, the highest results were also in the same age group, with 17 men, accounting for 29.82%. As for the isolates, processing the isolates using a 3% potassium hydroxide solution resulted in the isolation of 87 Gram-negative isolates, constituting 73.7% of the total bacteria isolated. Additionally, 31 Gram-positive isolates were obtained, representing 26.3% of the total bacteria isolated in this study. Regarding the sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria to antibiotics, the highest sensitivity was observed with Vancomycin, which showed 100% sensitivity for Staphylococcus aureus. Oxacillin also recorded a high sensitivity rate of 99% for the same type. The highest resistance was seen with Erythromycin, which showed 100% resistance for Enterococcus spp. For the sensitivity of Gram-negative bacteria, the highest sensitivity was observed with Piperacillin, which showed 100% sensitivity for Staphylococcus aureus, indicating that this antibiotic is highly effective in treating infections caused by this type of bacteria. Imipenem also demonstrated good efficacy with 100% sensitivity towards Klebsiella pneumoniae. In contrast, Cefotaxime showed 0% sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus, indicating it is completely ineffective against this type of bacteria. Similarly, Ampicillin recorded only 3.1% sensitivity for the same type.
Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination in Some Leafy Vegetables in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province
The current study was designed to identify parasites contaminating some types of vegetables available in local markets in Najaf. Six types of leafy vegetables were collected, including: Chard (Beta vulgaris), Celery (Apium graveolens), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Leek (Allium ampeloprasum), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The most common intestinal parasites were Giardia cysts, which were found in leek and celery in particular (7 instances each). These were followed by E. coli cysts and E. histolytica cysts, which were also commonly found in leek and celery. The biggest numbers were found in spinach and lettuce, while Ascaris and H. nana eggs were found at lower frequency. Chard had the lowest overall contamination levels, while celery and leek had the highest. These results show that there are notable differences in parasite contamination amongst various vegetables, with Giardia being the most common contaminant.
Bacterial Identification on Laboratory Coats of Microbiology Students at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa: A Field-based Analytical Study Using Advanced Microbiological Techniques
Protective clothing in healthcare and academic settings includes laboratory coats. However, if not properly laundered, these coats may become contaminated and serve as vectors for the transmission of microorganisms. Bacterial contamination on lab coats worn by students during the microbiology laboratory session at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa was conducted. 67 samples were taken from different sites on each lab coat with sterile swabs. The identification of bacterial species was performed following standard culturing methods, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be significantly present. Findings require better hygiene practice and infection control measures to be mandated among college students. Keywords: infection control, bacterial identification, microbiological safety, lab coat contamination
Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes, Risk Factors, and Evidence-Based Management Strategies for Deep Sternal Wound Infections Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery
Background: Deep sternal wound infections (DSWIs) are rare but life-threatening complications following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), especially among patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. These infections significantly affect morbidity, prolong hospitalization, and require intensive, multidisciplinary management. Case Presentation: A 59-year-old female with a known history of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to CMC Hospital in Erbil, Iraq, following elective CABG surgery. Postoperatively, the patient developed a non-healing thoracic wound, with incomplete sternal closure and clinical signs of deep infection, including purulent discharge, erythema, and systemic fever. Microbiological analysis of wound swabs identified a polymicrobial infection involving Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient was managed with surgical debridement, targeted antibiotic therapy based on culture sensitivity, and advanced wound care using negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT). Discussion: This case illustrates the increased susceptibility of diabetic patients to postoperative wound infections due to impaired immunity and delayed healing. It emphasizes the importance of early detection, thorough microbiological assessment, and an individualized, evidence-based treatment plan. Preoperative glycemic control, stringent intraoperative asepsis, and prompt postoperative wound monitoring are essential to minimize the risk of DSWIs. Conclusion: Deep sternal wound infections following CABG present significant clinical challenges, particularly in diabetic patients. This case from CMC Hospital in Erbil, Iraq, underscores the need for timely intervention, multidisciplinary care, and the integration of advanced wound management strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
Deep sternal wound infection, CABG, clinical outcomes, risk factors, infection management, evidence-based strategies, surgical site infection, wound healing, antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement.
Leucopenia with HHV6 in Cancer Patient Receiving Chemotherapy
The aim to study the relationship between leucopenia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy that infected with HHV6. The study was conducted according to a cross sectional study and included the study population, the total number of 200 cases, the age of individuals between 1-95 years in Middle Euphrates Cancer Center in Najaf Governorate for the period between November 2020 to May 2021. Whole blood sample to investigate the leucopenia through a CBC test and serum sample to detect HHV6 Ag as well as anti-viral IgM, IgG antibody using ELISA The comparison included statistical analysis between positive and negative HHV6 IgM, HHV6 IgG, and HHV6 antigen in the two groups using the chi-sequer method. Our study included patients suffering from leucopenia, where the highest age group was (61-80), which gave (31,7%) cases for male. As for females, the highest age group (41-60) was given (37.2%). The study included three degrees of leucopenia (mild, moderate, and severe). The number of mild patients was (23%), the number of moderate patients was (24%), and the number of severe patients was (53%). The ELISA test aims to diagnose IgM, IgG, HHV6. The antibodies to HHV6-IgM were positive in cancer patients with leucopenia (53%), while antibodies to HHV6-IgM positive in cancer patients without leucopenia were (12%). The IgG antibody screening in cancer patients with leucopenia revealed that (61%) had positive results for HHV6-IgG antibodies. The same test was done for the second group. The test HHV6-IgG antibodies positive (15%) out of 100 samples. The HHV6-Ag was positive in cancer patients with leucopenia in (51%), While the HHV6-Ag was positive in cancer patients without leucopenia (11%). A statistical comparison was carried out between the research groups: the first group consisting of cancer patients with leucopenia and the second group of cancer patients without leucopenia. There are significant differences in the results between the first and second groups, as well as significant differences in the positive HHV6 IgM, HHV6 IgG, HHV6 antigen results between the first and second groups, as well as significant differences in the negative results between these two groups (P value < 0.5).
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against E. coli O157:H7
This research was directed to assess the antibacterial activity of the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium longum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Escherichia coli O157:H7, a pathogenic strain responsible for severe foodborne illness. The study employed three methods spot method, agar diffusion and vertical line method to evaluate the antibacterial action of B. longum and S. cerevisiae. Bifidobacterium longum exhibited considerable antibacterial activity, with noticeable inhibition of E. coli H7: O157 growth in comparison to S. cerevisiae. Despite the fact that S. cerevisiae showed antibacterial properties, its inhibition activity was not as much as than those of B. longum. The study asserts that Bifidobacterium longum showed a remarkable antibacterial effect against E. coli H7: O157, proposed its suggesting probable application as an agent to prohibit or control this pathogen infection. Saccharomyces cerevisiae additionally displayed antibacterial effects, although it is less efficient. However, the combination of both of them exhibited remarkable inhibition. These findings will be paved the way of understanding the influence of probiotics in infection control and food safety.
antibacterial activity, probiotic Bifidobacterium longum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, E. coli O157:H7
Association of Hepatitis B Virus Serological Markers with Glycemic Control and Diabetes Duration in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Patients in the Najaf Government
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are two major global health concerns. Growing evidence suggests a possible association between chronic viral infections and glucose metabolism disorders. Objective: To investigate the association between HBV serological markers and glycemic control, as measured by fasting blood glucose levels and the duration of diabetes, among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from July to October 2024. The serum was taken from 200 individuals. All of the patients were tested using an ELISA technique for HBc IgG and by an immunochromatographic assay for HBsAb, HBsAg, HBcAb, HBeAg, and HBeAb. The statistical analysis approach was conducted using SPSS version 26. Results: HBcAb-positive diabetic patients showed significantly higher fasting blood glucose levels (P=0.044). HBcIgG was detected in 83 out of 200 patients, mainly in those with 5–15 years of diabetes duration (P = 0.049). No significant association was found between HBV markers and diabetes type.Conclusions: a potential link between HBV exposure and impaired glycemic control , suggesting a possible role of chronic HBVexposure in the progression of metabolic dysfunction over time This suggests that the activation of a previous HBV infection may be an underlying factor in the progression of diabetes mellitus or the development of pre-existing conditions and the relationship between HBV and glycemic markers may be independent of diabetes type.